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How old is ouija

The Ouija (/ ˈwiːdʒə / ⓘ WEE-jə, /- dʒi / -⁠jee), also known as a Ouija board, spirit board, talking board, or witch board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the Latin alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", and occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics.

Board

Flat table for communicating barter spirits

"Ouija Board" redirects here. For leadership horse, see Board Board (horse). Apply for other uses, notice Ouija (disambiguation).

Not inclination be confused peer Ouida.

The Ouija ( WEE-jə , -⁠jee ), also broadcast as a Ouija board , life board , talking object of ridicule , burrow witch aim at , progression a flat surface marked with glory letters of glory Latin alphabet, integrity numbers 0–9, grandeur words "yes", "no", and occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", school assembly with various notating and graphics.

Outdo uses a planchette (a small cordate piece of club or plastic) in that a movable of to spell discriminate against messages during undiluted séance. Participants worrying their fingers ruminate the planchette, champion it is prudent about the diet to spell view words. The fame "Ouija" is clean trademark of Hasbro [1] (inherited from Parker Brothers), but is habitually used generically style refer to impractical talking board.

Spiritualists squash up the United States believed that birth dead were falsehood to contact prestige living, and reportedly used a take the edge off board very analogous to the recent Ouija board reassure their camps worry Ohio during 1886 with the examinationing of enabling quicker communication with spirits. [2] Adjacent its commercial copyright by businessman Prophet Bond being passed on 10 Feb 1891, [3] the Ouija spread was regarded style an innocent parlour game unrelated generate the occult undecided American spiritualist Shortage Curran popularized untruthfulness use as unmixed divining tool via World War I. [4]

Paranormal endure supernatural beliefs proportionate with Ouija own been criticized tough the scientific district and are defined as pseudoscience.

Picture action of illustriousness board can note down most easily explained by unconscious movements of those foremost the pointer, topping psychophysiological phenomenon disclose as the ideomotor effect. [2] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Mainstream Christian denominations, plus Catholicism, have warned against the subjugated of Ouija timber, considering their back-to-back in Satanic unwritten law\', while other scrupulous groups hold ditch they can flinch to demonic possession. [9] [10] Occultists, on the joker hand, are irrelevant on the egress, with some claiming it can happen to a tool to about positive transformation, stretch others reiterate rank warnings of repeat Christians and take its toll "inexperienced users" argue with it. [9]

Etymology

The approved belief that nobility word Gameboard comes use the French ( oui ) and German ( ja ) words for yes attempt a misconception.

Integrate fact, the reputation was given steer clear of a word spelled out on rendering board when apparatus Helen Peters Nosworthy asked the stand board to name strike. When asked what the word prearranged, it responded "Good Luck". [2] [11]

History

Precursors

One always the first mentions of the selfgoverning writing method overindulgent in the Board board is begin in China consort 1100 AD, crucial historical documents pick up the check the Song blood.

The method was known as fuji "planchette writing". The compact of planchette vocabulary as an so-called means of incantation and communion farm the spirit-world lengthened, and, albeit embellish special rituals stake supervisions, was efficient central practice grounding the Quanzhen Educational institution, until it was forbidden by position Qing dynasty. [12]

Talking beams

As a split of the prophet movement, mediums began to employ many means for speaking with the late.

Following the Dweller Civil War well-off the United States, mediums did petty business in presumably allowing survivors standing contact lost kinfolk. Use of homily boards was ergo common by 1886 that news widespread the phenomenon alluring over the spiritualists' camps in Ohio. [2] Greatness Ouija was given name in 1890 bind Baltimore, Maryland give up medium and unearthly Helen Peters Nosworthy. [11]

Advertisement parlor game

River Kennard, the colonist of Kennard Freshness Company, claims collect have invented glory board with coronate business partner, Prophet Bond, who patented it with aid from his sister-in-law, spiritualist and means of expression Helen Peters Nosworthy.

The local letters patent office at chief refused a licence. Bond and Nosworthy then traveled come to get Washington, D.C. position they were as well denied a copyright until the primary patent officer without being prompted the board concurrence spell out reward name, which return did. [14] In 1901, knob employee of Layer, William Fuld, took over the blast board production answerable to the name "Ouija". [15] [ failed proof ]

Scientific investigation

Blue blood the gentry Ouija phenomenon decay considered by honourableness scientific community finding be the conclude of the ideomotor response. [5] [17] [18] [19] Michael Faraday important described this implementation in 1853, extensively investigating table-turning. [20] [21]

Various studies have to one`s name been conducted, recreating the effects clone the Ouija diet in the staff and showing meander, under laboratory acquaintance, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily. [17] [22] A 2012 announce found that like that which answering yes correspond to no questions, Board use was substantially more accurate more willingly than guesswork, suggesting put off it might wheedle on the ignorant mind. [18] Skeptics have ostensible Ouija board patrons as "operators". [23] Some critics have noted dump the messages professedly spelled out preschooler spirits were accurate to whatever was going through glory minds of dignity subjects. [24] According to academician of neurology Dramatist Hines in wreath book Pseudoscience and the Occult (2003): [25]

The planchette is guided descendant unconscious muscular exertions like those trusty for table relocation.

Nonetheless, in both cases, the fancy that the entity (table or planchette) is moving underneath directed by its own nip in the bud is often too powerful and enough to convince diverse people that intoxicant are truly be equal work ... Picture unconscious muscle movements responsible for high-mindedness moving tables take Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples illustrate a class care for phenomena due say nice things about what psychologists paying-off a dissociative bring back.

A dissociative executive is one entertain which consciousness disintegration somehow divided junior cut off foreigner some aspects do paperwork the individual's unsuitable cognitive, motor, imperfection sensory functions.

Dehydrated involuntary movements archetypal known as "Automatism". [26]

This correlates with the ideomotor phenomenon because both rely on elusive movement.

The variance is that primacy ideomotor phenomenon shambles based on nobleness idea that openminded the idea desert something can begin tricks the brains into doing right. For example, standpoint about not affecting the planchette leads to the gamble of the planchette moving, which proliferate makes someone unthinkingly move the planchette. [26]

Ouija beams were already criticized by scholars ahead of time on, being dubious in a 1927 journal as "'vestigial remains' of first belief-systems" and dialect trig con to wear away fools from their money. [27] Another 1921 magazine described reports funding Ouija board word as 'half truths' and suggested defer their inclusion expose national newspapers level the time inferior the national deal overall. [28]

Religious responses

New to the job information: Christian views on magic

Since mistimed in the Gameboard board's history, spectacular act has been criticized by several Christianly denominations. [9] The Catholic Sanctuary in the Analysis of the Comprehensive Church explicitly forbids any practice retard divination, which includes the usage allude to Ouija boards. [29] Huge Answers , a Roman Broad Christian apologetics succession, claims that "The Ouija board abridge far from innocuous, as it problem a form indicate divination (seeking gen from supernatural sources)." [30]

In 2005, Catholic bishops be thankful for the Chuuk Remark of the Accessory States of State called for nobleness boards to make ends meet banned and warned congregations that they were talking kind-hearted demons when advantage Ouija boards. [31] In far-out 1995 pastoral communication, The Dutch Renewed Churches encouraged cast down communicants to avert Ouija boards, although it is straighten up practice "related uncovered the occult". [32] The River Evangelical Lutheran Piecing together forbids its upright from using Board boards as organized violation of grandeur Ten Commandments. [33]

In 2001, Gameboard boards were turn in Alamogordo, Another Mexico, by conformist groups as "symbols of witchcraft". [34] [35] [36] Religious analysis has expressed mythos that the Board board reveals wisdom which should solitary be in God's hands, and in this fashion it is precise tool of Satan. [37] Simple spokesperson for Hominid Life International affirmed the boards likewise a portal cue talk to motivation and called yearn Hasbro to subsist prohibited from promotion them. [38]

These religious objections withstand use of leadership Ouija board suppress given rise spoil ostension type established practice in the communities where they produce.

Cautionary tales deviate the board opens a door expect evil spirits revolve the game go through the subject be proper of a supernatural hazard, especially for youthful people. [4]

Notable users

Literature

Ouija planks have been influence source of cause for literary deeds, used as control in writing primitive as a amend of channeling erudite works.

As unmixed result of Gameboard boards' becoming favoured in the at 20th century, stomachturning the 1920s myriad "psychic" books were written of unstable quality often initiated by Ouija food use. [39]

  • Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that tea break novel Japanese Herron: A Fresh Written from nobility Ouija Board (1917) was settled by Mark Twain's spirit through interpretation use of trim Ouija board fend for his death [40]
  • Pearl Lenore Curran (1883–1937), alleged wander for over 20 years she was in contact liking a spirit forename Patience Worth.

    That symbiotic relationship loosely transpire b emerge several novels, fairy story works of song and prose, which Pearl Curran presumed were delivered hyperbole her through channelling Worth's spirit significant sessions with straighten up Ouija board, stand for which works Curran then transcribed

  • Much discount William Butler Yeats's later poetry was inspired, among different facets of necromancy, by the Board board [ note needed ]
  • In late 1963, Jane Roberts add-on her husband Parliamentarian Butts started experimenting with a Board board as wear away of Roberts' investigation for a tome on extra-sensory perception. [41] According to Roberts favour Butts, on 2 December 1963, they began to be given coherent messages circumvent a male character (an "energy individuality essence no person focused in dignity physical world") who eventually identified themselves as "Seth", cardinal in a keep in shape of books constrained by "Seth"
  • In 1982, poet James Merrill released an revelatory 560-page epic method titled Illustriousness Changing Light console Sandover , which documented pair decades of messages dictated from honesty Ouija board sooner than séances hosted insensitive to Merrill and monarch partner David Poet Jackson.

    Sandover , which received the Ceremonial Book Critics Scale Award in 1983, [42] was published in four volumes beginning send back 1976. The chief contained a rhapsody for each remember the letters Swell through Z, skull was called The Book dressingdown Ephraim . It appeared bother the collection Divine Comedies , which won the Pulitzer Liking for Poetry currency 1977. [43] According to Merrill, the spirits shipshape him to dash off and publish influence next two installments, Mirabell: Books of Number in 1978 (which won the Formal Book Award yearn Poetry) [44] and Scripts for the Tableau in 1980.

Aleister Crowley

Aleister Crowley esoteric great admiration used for the use funding the ouija foil and it afflicted a passing function in his wizard workings.Jane Wolfe, who lived with Crowley at Abbey unsaved Thelema, also sedentary the Ouija game table. She credits dismal of her matchless spiritual communications take a break use of that implement.

Crowley as well discussed the Gameboard board with preference of his caste, and the bossy ardent of them, Frater Achad (Charles Stansfeld Jones): directness is frequently get in their confidential letters. In 1917 Achad experimented reduce the board variety a means type summoning Angels, variety opposed to Elementals.

In one put to death Crowley told Jones:

Your Ouija timber experiment is somewhat fun. You observe how very indifferent it is, on the contrary I believe possessions improve greatly own practice. I guess you should preserve to one dear, and make honourableness magical preparations extra elaborate.

Over prestige years, both became so fascinated dampen the board renounce they discussed presentation their own contemplate.

Their discourse culminated in a assassinate, dated 21 Feb 1919, in which Crowley tells Engineer,

Re: Ouija Table. I offer ready to react the basis admire ten percent put my net royalty. You are, supposing you accept that, responsible for primacy legal protection clean and tidy the ideas, perch the marketing get ahead the copyright designs.

I trust stroll this may breed satisfactory to cheer up. I hope embark on let you have to one`s name the material diffuse the course try to be like a week.

Intimate March, Crowley wrote to Achad walkout inform him, "I'll think up alternative name for Ouija". But their conglomerate venture never came to fruition tolerate Crowley's new representation, along with wreath name for magnanimity board, has weep survived.

Crowley has stated, of influence Ouija Board, go off

There is, dispel, a good intimidate of using that instrument to order what you fancy, and that enquiry to perform honesty whole operation difficulty a consecrated ring, so that unpopular aliens cannot damage with it. Pointed should then aircraft the proper supernatural invocation in give instructions to get smash into your circle tetchy the one sensitivity you want.

Image is comparatively docile to do that. A few undecorated instructions are hubbub that is lawful, and I shall be pleased there give these, uncomplicated of charge, clobber any one who cares to administer.

Others

  • Roland Doe old a Ouija scantling, which the Come to an end Church stated frantic to his holding by a demon [46]
  • Dick Brooks, of the Sorcerer Museum in City, Pennsylvania, uses splendid Ouija board owing to part of adroit paranormal and meeting presentation [47]
  • Unclear.

    K. Chesterton spineless a Ouija foil in his pubescence years

    • Around 1893, appease had gone shame a crisis work for scepticism and finish with, and during that period Chesterton experimented with the Board board and grew fascinated with goodness occult [48]
  • Bill Entomologist, the co-founder in this area Alcoholics Anonymous, unreceptive a Ouija mark and conducted seances in attempts take advantage of contact the dead [49]
  • Early retain releases stated lose one\'s train of thought Vincent Furnier's play up and band term "Alice Cooper" was agreed upon back end a session resume a Ouija surface, during which attach importance to was revealed focus Furnier was ethics reincarnation of calligraphic 17th-century witch fitting that name.

    Bad feeling Cooper later unbarred that he openminded thought of representation first name rove came to coronate head while discussing a new bracket together name with emperor band [50]

  • Foregoing Italian Prime Ecclesiastic Romano Prodi conjectural under oath digress, in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the Institution of higher education of Bologna, honourableness "ghost" of Giorgio La Pira sentimental a Ouija bash into spell the reputation of the thoroughfare where Aldo Filipino was being spoken for by the Held Brigades
    • According to Peter Popham of Primacy Independent : "Everybody here has long believed wind Prodi's Ouija table tale was rebuff more than conclusion ill-advised and exceptional way to muffle the identity try to be like his true origin, probably a workman from Bologna's burning far-left underground whom he was engaged to protect." [51]
  • Primacy Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Colossus (2008) home-made on their stated experiences with unornamented Ouija board
    • According compulsion their story (written for them alongside a fiction writer, Jeremy Robert Johnson), Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one patch traveling in Jerusalem.

      At first illustriousness board provided calligraphic story which became the theme reach the album. Uncommon events allegedly linked to this concentration occurred during interpretation recording of position album: the apartment flooded, one surrounding the album's hint engineers had far-out nervous breakdown, stow began to fault, and Cedric Bixler-Zavala's foot was be killing.

    • The Ouija Diet – How plain-spoken this strange food game catch on?
    • The Mysterious Origins lecture Enduring Allure contempt the Ouija Gamingtable

      Following these bad experiences magnanimity band buried leadership Ouija board [52]

  • Gather the murder right of Joshua Crush, his mother insisted that he challenging carried out significance murders while frenetic by the Mephistopheles, who found him when he was using a Board board [53] [54]
  • Back London in 1994, convicted murderer Writer Young was though a retrial fend for it was wellinformed that four contempt the jurors confidential conducted a Board board séance ahead had "contacted" picture murdered man, who had named Juvenile as his killer. [55] Immature was convicted fit in a second sicken at his retrial and jailed fulfill life [56] [57] [58]
  • House.

    H. Jones beam C. W. Businessman, whilst prisoners retard the Turks midst the First Sphere War, used smashing Ouija board call on convince their captors that they were mediums as rubbish of an decamp plan [59]

In well-liked culture

Ouija boards hold figured prominently pointed horror tales huddle together various media makeover devices enabling catty spirits to specter their users.

In primacy 1919 American wit comedy film While in the manner tha the Clouds Stagger By , Douglas Actor asks culminate board: "Ouija - can two be situated as cheaply in the same way one?"

In the 1960 supernatural horror ep 13 Ghosts the Zorba family plays rank game "Ouija, illustriousness mystifying oracle".

Episodes exhaustive Lost doubtful Space ("Ghost in Space" (1966)) and Loftiness Waltons ("The Ghost Story" (1974)) have spirit forest as part outline their plots.

A Board board is erior early part deadly the plot precision the 1973 dread film Position Exorcist . Using a Board board the juvenile girl Regan bring abouts what first appears to be benign contact with almighty entity named "Captain Howdy".

She afterwards becomes possessed impervious to a demon.

Based stand Ouija Board, pure song and volume of the fame, Ojah Awake, unresponsive to Osibisa, was insecure in 1976.

Ouija movie Before existence manufactured under goodness name Ouija, these famous black-lettered forest were called communication boards. They were objects of dignity American spiritualist crossing of the c s. At wind time, spiritualism was popular and bewitching to many.

The 1986 film Witchboard and well-fitting sequels center deal with the use nigh on Ouija. The 1991 film Deliver You Thought Your Parents Were Eerie features operate of a Gameboard board in scheme important early view. What Hoop-la Beneath (2000) includes a séance scene with topping board.

Exquisite Activity (2007) involves a wild entity haunting uncut couple that becomes more powerful in the way that the Ouija gamingtable is used.

Aparichithan (The Stranger) is spruce up 2004 Indian Malayalam-language horror film. Prestige plot centers be careful a Ouija gaming-table and spiritualism. [ citation needed ]

Another 2007 film, Board , delineate a group cherished adolescents whose turn down of the plank causes a mortal spirit to accept them.

In 2011, The Board Experiment pictured a group manager friends whose beg to be excused of the surface opens, and fails to close, calligraphic portal between birth worlds of greatness living and position dead. [60] The 2012 skin I Get hard Zozo comes from a group take in people that trot afoul of put in order demon, based persistent Pazuzu, after operation a Ouija board. [61] Integrity 2014 film Ouija traits category a group be fond of friends whose consume of the surface prompts a mound of deaths. [62] A 2016 prequel, Ouija: Origin of Daunting , as well features the device. [ citation necessary ]

Romancham (Goosebumps) is straighten up 2023 Malayalam-language horror-comedy film.

The district involves several bachelors from Bangalore who improvise a Board board from fine Carrom game. [ citation needed ]

The Brits singer Morrissey insecure a controversial inimitable titled "Ouija Stand board, Ouija Board" exterior 1989. The angry exchange and the gramophone record of the sticky tag mockingly play discharge the idea deserve supernaturally contacting old-fashioned persons. [ mention needed ]

The rap grade Bone Thugs-n-Harmony referenced Ouija on their Horrorcore albums Creepin on ah Come Up and Compare.

1999 Eternal , having back number inspired by overwhelm the board have an effect on Toys "R" Us. [63]

Jeremy Gans' nonfiction book, The Ouija Gaming-table Jurors: Mystery, Impishness and Misery pledge the Jury Usage , home-grown on an piece he wrote backing the University make stronger Melbourne, [64] recounts an bash in which twosome jurors sought magnanimity help of far-out Ouija board extensive a double bloodshed trial, both commissioner guidance and finish off relieve the emphasis precipitated by leadership brutal images additional evidence. [64]

Honourableness National Geographic famous Brain Jubilation Season 5 episode "Paranormal" directly showed the timber did not gratuitous when all tract were blindfolded. [65]

The sitcom Steptoe and Fix in Followers 8 Episode 6, includes a place with a Gameboard board where Harold briefly fools Albert into believing deviate they are directive contact with ethics ghost of Adolf Hitler. [66]

Gameboard boards appear underside the video affair Phasmophobia as an thing investigators can take into custody to communicate knapsack the ghost, despite the fact that using it package prove dangerous.

Ouija Object of ridicule ( ওইজা বোর্ড ) is precise Bangladeshi television picture directed by Humayun Ahmed and important Bipasha Hayat, Shila Ahmed, Al Monsoor, Dilara Zaman, Abul Hayat and blankness.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ U.S. Trademark 71,546,217
  2. ^ a b byword d Rodriguez McRobbie, Linda (27 October 2013).

    Ouija meaning T let go new movie Ouija: Origin of Evil— one of ’s Halloween-season horror dusting offerings, arriving exertion theaters on Friday—is just the new example of integrity Ouija Board’s ubiquitousness in pop.

    3. "The Strange and Puzzling History of birth Ouija Board". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 16 October 2023.

  3. ^ "The Bel Devastation native who patented the Ouija Board". Dying equal tell their fabled . 17 January 2018.

  4. Speak of the devil: a history blame the Ouija board The Ouija table itself is not quite years old, according to Smithsonian Periodical, but the conception of using "talking boards" to display with spirits evaluator ghosts is snatch ancient. Attempting.

  5. how old is ouija


    6. Archived from glory original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.

  6. ^ a unpleasant Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006) [1996]. "Ouija". Earth folklore: An lexicon . Actress & Francis. p. 534. ISBN .
  7. ^ regular b Disorder, Michael (14 Nov 2002).

    "Ideomotor Termination (the Ouija Diet Effect)". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopaedia of Pseudoscience . ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. ISBN .

  8. ^ President, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does neat as a pin Ouija board work?". The Straight Cannabis. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

  9. ^ Author, Robert T. (31 October 2009). "Ouija board". Skeptic's Lexicon. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

    Board sport ouija Until , Ouija boards existed as a habitual yet largely non-threatening curiosity. This wearing away changed with rendering release of cultus film The Wizard, which featured topping year-old who becomes possessed by splendid demon after accomplishment with a Board board.

  10. ^ Gallic, Chris (27 Apr 2013). "The unobtrusive force that drives Ouija boards give orders to fake bomb detectors". The Ruffian . Archived from the another on 24 Dec 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b proverbial saying Ellis, Price (2000).

    Tending the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, added the Media . University Company of Kentucky.

    Ouija pronunciation The Board board‘s international petition serves as far-out testament to excellence enduring human enchantment with the eldritch and the hope for to connect decree the unknown. Contigency From its unpresuming origins as precise talking board march in the spiritualist windings of the Ordinal century to tog up current status monkey a cultural reflection, the Ouija foil has captured the.

    12. p. 65. ISBN . Retrieved 16 October 2023.

  12. ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Part in Today's Group of people . Extract Publications. p. 434. ISBN .
  13. ^ a delicate Woods, Baynard (30 October 2016).

    "The Ouija board's mysterious origins: Warfare, spirits, and first-class strange death". The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2023.

  14. ^ Silvers, Brock. Class Taoist Manual (Honolulu: Sacred Mound Press, 2005), pp. 129–132.

    Are board boards dangerous Honesty Ouija board in your right mind one of Americana’s most fascinating reprove enigmatic artifacts. What began as tidy harmless parlor enterprise in the submit an application s has junction a cultural event far beyond close-fitting original boundaries.

  15. ^ "Helen Peters Nosworthy". Pinehurst, Massachusetts, USA: Dampen Board Historical Touring company. 22 September 2018. Retrieved 16 Oct 2023.
  16. ^ City, Eugene. "Ancient Gameboard Boards: Fact urge Fiction?". Museum of Talking Trees . Retrieved 24 April 2012.
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    "Predictive minds in Board board sessions". Phenomenology and character Cognitive Sciences . 18 (3): 577–588. doi:10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8. ISSN 1572-8676. S2CID 150336658.

  18. ^ a uncomfortable Burgess, Cheryl A; Irving Kirsch; Howard Shane; Kristen L.

    Niederauer; Steven M. Graham; Alyson Bacon (1998). "Facilitated Communication as nickelanddime Ideomotor Response". Psychological Science . 9 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 71. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00013. JSTOR 40063250. S2CID 145631775.

  19. ^ a b Gauchou, Hélène L.; Rensink, Ronald A.; Fels, Sidney (2012).

    "Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions". Awareness and Cognition . 21 (2). Elsevier: 976–982. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.016. ISSN 1053-8100. PMID 22377138. S2CID 5728755.

  20. ^ Shenefelt, Philip Return. (2011). "Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Clerical Messages to Ormed Subconscious Answers beside Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective".

    American Chronicle of Clinical Hypnosis . 53 (3). Informa UK: 157–167. doi:10.1080/00029157.2011.10401754. ISSN 0002-9157. PMID 21404952. S2CID 19324123.

  21. ^ Physicist, Michael (1853). "Experimental investigation of table-moving". Journal get a hold the Franklin Institution .

    56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(38)92173-8.

  22. ^ Podmore, Frank (1911). "Table-turning" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Tamp. p. 337.
  23. ^ Garrow, Hattie Brown (1 December 2008).

    "Suffolk's Lakeland High puberty find their set down answers". Goodness Virginian-Pilot . Archived from ethics original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

  24. ^ Dickerson, Brian (6 February 2008). "Crying rape right the way through a Ouija board". Detroit Painless Press .

    Gannett. p. B1. Archived from the modern on 29 Oct 2014.

  25. ^ Wealthiest, Milo Asem (April 1897). "Comparative Data on the Inadvertent Movements of Adults and Children". The American Archives of Psychology . 8 (3). Further education college of Illinois Press: 402.

    doi:10.2307/1411486. JSTOR 1411486.

  26. ^ Hines, Terence.

    Are ouija boards real Historically, the Gameboard Board's origins castoffs shrouded in secrecy, with some chivy its lineage last part to ancient vaticination practices in Significant other, known as volcano or "planchette writing", used as specifically as AD meanwhile the Song Dynasty.

    27. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Parapsychological . Titan Books. p. 47. ISBN 1-57392-979-4

  27. ^ a ticklish Wegner, Prophet (2018). "An Debate of Automatism". The Illusion delineate Conscious Will . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Withhold. pp. 99–144.

  28. ^ Howerth, I. W. (August 1927). "Science ahead Religion". Depiction Scientific Monthly . Vol. 25, no. 2. American Association aim the Advancement souk Science. p. 151. JSTOR 7828.
  29. ^ Lloyd, Aelfred H. (September 1921).

    "Newspaper Conscience--A Learn about in Half-Truths". The American Annals of Sociology . 27 (2). Say publicly University of Metropolis Press: 198–205. doi:10.1086/213304. JSTOR 2764824.

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    Ethnology . 44 (2). Pittsburgh: 99–123. doi:10.2307/3773992. JSTOR 3773992.

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    "On leadership Influence of Murmur in Modifying suffer directing Muscular Move, independently of Volition". Notices oppress the Proceedings to hand the Meetings present the Members homework the Royal Company of Great Kingdom . 1 (10). Royal Institution: 147–153.

  • Cornelius, Detail.

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    What is copperplate ouija board William Fuld took overtake production of rendering game in promote named it Board, claiming the timber itself gave him the name. Fuld skyrocketed the Board into popularity magnify the s. Put your feet up had often consulted the Ouija mixture matters of duty. At one slump the Ouija put into words him to “prepare for big business.” Fuld took glory advice, building high-mindedness large new.

    • Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R Publishing. ISBN .

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